Sharp Power Theory in International Relations and its Employment in Countries' Foreign Policies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.6.1.26الكلمات المفتاحية:
Sharp Power, Authoritarian Soft Power, Foreign Influence Operations, China’s Sharp Power, Russian Sharp Powerالملخص
This study aims to address a recent phenomenon in power studies in international relations, which is the term and concept of sharp power, which appeared in late 2017 in the studies of American think tanks. The study explains sharp power by presenting the theoretical directions it dealt with, which focused on aspects of the similarities and differences between sharp power and other forms of power, which are hard power, soft power, and smart power. As well as comparing it to the terms and concepts that are used to denote modern, unconventional warfare.
The study tries to discuss the tools and mechanisms of sharp power that countries with authoritarian regimes use to impose influence and hegemony on target countries, especially the soft power tools that these countries exploit to penetrate and interfere in the internal affairs of countries, and to convert the minds and hearts of their people to accept their hegemony and sovereignty, instead of attracting them, and winning their minds and hearts.
The study dealt with the deficiencies of sharp power, within the ambiguity of the concept, is it the soft power of authoritarian countries, or it is the malicious use of soft power, as well as whether it is formulating terms or is it a new phenomenon of power in international relations, and the Chinese perspective on sharp power.
التنزيلات
المراجع
Armistead, Leigh (2004). Information Operations, Warfare and The Hard Reality of Soft Power, In Leigh Armstead (Ed.), Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, Inc.
Bayer, Judit et al. (2019). Disinformation and Propaganda-Impact on the Functioning of the Rule of Law in the EU and Its Member States, European Parliament, February 2019, Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2019/608864/IPOL_STU(2019)608864_EN.pdf
Bentzen, Naja (2018). Foreign Influence Operations in the EU, European Parliamentary Research Center-EPRS, Briefing, July 2018. Available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2018/625123/EPRS_BRI(2018)625123_EN.pdf
Bielawski, Radoslaw & Radomska, Aleksandra (2017). Selected Models of Information Warfare in Cyberspace, Security and Defence Quarterly, Vol 14 (1), pp. 35-50.
Bowe, Alexander (2018). China’s Overseas United Front Work, Background and Implications for the United States, U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, Staff Research Report. Available at: https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/Research/China's%20Overseas%20United%20Front%20Work%20-%20Background%20and%20Implications%20for%20US_final_0.pdf
Brady, Anne-Marie (2015). Authoritarian Goes Global (II): China’s Foreign Propaganda Machine, Journal of Democracy, Vol 26 (4), pp. 51-59.
Brazzoli, M. Silvino (2007). Future Prospects of Information Warfare and Particularly Psychological Operations, in Le Roux, Len (Ed.), South African Army Vision 2020, Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies.
Caliskan, Murat and Cramers, Paul Alexander (2018). What Do You Mean by Hybrid Warfare? A Content Analysis on the Media Coverage of Hybrid Warfare Concept, Horizon Insights, Vol 1 (4), pp. 23-35.
Copper, John F. (2018). The New Concept Sharp Power in International Politics: A Critique, IPP Review, Feb. 15, 2018. Available at: https://ippreview.com/index.php/Blog/single/id/652.html
Cwiek-Karpowicz, Jaroslaw (2012). Limits to Russian Soft power in the Post-Soviet Area, DGAP, Analyse No 8, July 2012. Available at: https://dgap.org/system/files/article_pdfs/2012-08_DGAPana_C%CC%81wiek-Karpowicz_www.pdf
Damjanovic, Dragan Z. (2017). Types of Information Warfare and Examples of Malicious Programs of Information Warfare, Military Technical Courier, Vol 65 (4).
Ebrahimian, Bethany Allen (2018). How China Managed to Play Censor at a Conference on US Soil, Foreign Policy, May 9, 2018. Available at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/05/09/how-china-managed-to-play-censor-at-a-conference-on-u-s-soil/
Egelhofer, Jana Laura and Lecheler, Sophie (2019). Fake News as a Two-Dimensional Phenomenon: A Framework and Research Agenda. Annals of The International Communication Association, Vol 43 (2), pp. 97-116.
Gardner, Hall (2015). Hybrid Warfare: Iranian and Russian Versions of “Little Green Men” and Contemporary Conflict, Research Paper No. 123, Research Division, Rome: NATO Defence College.
Girgas, Agnia (2012). Legacies, Coercion and Soft Power: Russian Influence in the Baltic States, Briefing Paper, The Means and Ends of Russian Influence Abroad Series, Chatham House. Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/185321
Gressel, Gustav (2017). Fellow Travellers: Russia, Anti-Westernism, and Europe’s Political Parties, European Council on Foreign Relations, July 2017. Available at: https://www.ecfr.eu/page/-/ECFR225_-_FELLOW_TRAVELLERS1.pdf
Hur, Aram (2019). North Korea’s Sharp Power and the Divide Over Korean Identities, Joint U.S.-Korea Academic Studies, Vol 30, pp. 182-198.
Jackson, Dean (2017). Issue Brief: Distinguishing Disinformation from Propaganda, Misinformation, and Fake News. International Forum for Democratic Studies, Washington D.C.: National Endowment for Democracy.
Keohane, Robert O., Nye, Joseph S., Jr. (1998), Power and Independence in the Information Age, Foreign Affairs, Vol 77 (5), pp. 81-94.
Klapsis, Antonis (2015). An Unholy Alliance, The European Far Right and Putin’s Russia, Brussels: Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies. Available at: https://www.martenscentre.eu/publications/far-right-political-parties-in-europe-and-putins-russia
Kuehl, Daniel T. (2002). Information Operations, Information Warfare, and Computer Network Attack, Their Relationship to National Security in the Information Age. In M. N. Schmitt & B. T. O’Donnell (eds.), Computer Network Attack and International Law, International Law Studies, Newport, Rhode Island: Naval War College.
Larrabee, F. Stephen et al. (2017). Russia and the West After the Ukrainian Crises, European Vulnerabilities to Russian Pressures, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Available at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1300/RR1305/RAND_RR1305.pdf
Leonova, Olga G. (2019). Sharp Power, The New Technology of Influence in a Global World, World Economy and International Relations, Vol 63 (2), pp. 21-28.
Libicki, Martin C. (1995). What is Information Warfare? Washington D.C.: Center for Advanced Concepts and Technology, Institute for National Strategic Studies, National Defense University.
Liu, Xin (2018). What Sharp Power? It’s Nothing But Unsmart Power, Center on Public Diplomacy, University of Southern California. Available at: https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/what-sharp-power-it%E2%80%99s-nothing-%E2%80%9Cunsmart%E2%80%9D-power
Lutsevych, Orysia (2016). Agents of the Russian World Proxy Groups in The Contested Neighbourhood, Research Paper, Russia and Eurasia Programme, Chatham House, The Royal Institute of International Affairs. Available at: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/2016-04-14-agents-russian-world-lutsevych.pdf
Mazarr, Michael J. (2015). Mastering the Gray Zone: Understanding A Changing Era of Conflicts, Carlisle Barracks, PA: United States Army War College Press.
Miskimmon, Alister, O’Loughin, Ben and Roselle, Laura (2013). Strategic Narratives, Communication Power and the New World Order, New York: Routledge.
Morris, Lyle J. et al. (2019). Gaining Competitive Advantage in the Gray Zone, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. Available at: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR2900/RR2942/RAND_RR2942.pdf
Myklin, Michael (2018). Russian Non-Linear Warfare Through the Lenses of Strategic Culture, Master Thesis, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech. Available at: https://is.muni.cz/th/o9eo9/Myklin_Master_Thesis_1.0.pdf
Nestoras, Antonios (2018). Political Warfare: Competition in the Cyber Era, 2018 IEEE International Conference on Big Data, Seattle, WA, USA, pp. 4427-4436. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330629288_Political_Warfare_Competition_in_the_Cyber_Era
Nimmo, Ben. (2016). Identifying Disinformation: an ABC, Policy Brief Issue, Institute for European Studies (IES). Available at: https://www.ies.be/files/PB%202016:01%20Ben%20Nimmo.pdf
Nye, Joseph S., Jr (1990). Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York: Basic Books.
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. (2017). Information Warfare Versus Soft Power, Project Syndicate, May 09, 2017. Available at: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/cyber-warfare-weakens-russia-soft-power-by-joseph-s--nye-2017-05?barrier=accesspaylog
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. (2018a). China’s Soft and Sharp Power, Project Syndicate, Jan 4, 2018. Available at: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-soft-and-sharp-power-by-joseph-s--nye-2018-01?barrier=accesspaylog
Nye, Joseph S., Jr. (2018b). How Sharp Power Threatens Soft Power, The Right and Wrong Ways to Respond to Authoritarian, Foreign Affairs, Jan. 24, 2018. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-01-24/how-sharp-power-threatens-soft-power?cid=int-fls&pgtype=hpg
Ostovar, Afshon, Edelston, Rebecca and Connell, Michael (2013). On Shifting: Iranian Strategy in a Changing Middle East, CNA Strategic Studies. Available at: https://www.cna.org/CNA_files/PDF/DRM-2013-U-006026-Final.pdf
Polyakova, Alina and Boyer, Spencer P. (2018). The Future of Political Warfare: Russia, the West, and the Coming Age of Global Digital Competition, Brookings, Washington D.C. available at: https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-future-of-political-warfare-russia-the-west-and-the-coming-age-of-global-digital-competition/
Price, Monroe (2012). Iran and the Soft War, International Journal of Communication, Vol 6, pp. 2397-2415.
Rini, Regina (2017). Fake News and Partisan Epistemology, Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal, Vol 27 (2), pp. E-43-E-64.
Roselle, Laura, Miskimmon, Alister and O’Loughin, Ben (2014). Strategic Narrative: A New Means to Understand Soft Power, Media, War and Conflict, Vol 7 (1), pp.70-84.
Rosenberg, Laura and Garnaut, John (2018). The Interference Operations from Putin’s Kremlin and Xi’s Communist Party: Forging a Joint Response, The ASAN Forum, Available at: http://www.theasanforum.org/the-interference-operations-from-putins-kremlin-and-xis-communist-party-forging-a-joint-response/#20
Shao, Jingkai (2019). Exploring China’s Sharp Power: Conceptual Deficiencies and Alternatives, Transcommunication, Vol 6-2, pp. 129-148.
Si, Liu (2018). Spotlight: Sharp Power or Western Invisible Power, Xinhua News Agency, Feb 13, 2018. Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-02/13/c_136972778.htm
Sikk, Allan (2009). Parties and Populism, Centre for European Politics, Security, and Integration, London.
Singh, Mandip (2018). From Smart Power to Sharp Power: How China Promotes her National Interests, Journal of Defence Studies, Vol 12 (3), pp. 5-25.
Taehwan, Kim (2018). Authoritarian Sharp Power: Comparing China and Russia, The ASAN Forum. Available at: http://www.theasanforum.org/authoritarian-sharp-power-comparing-china-and-russia/
Tokuchi, Hideshi (2019). Countering Foreign Influence and Interference in Open Societies- A Japanese Perspective on Authoritarian Infiltration, The Japan Institute of International Affairs. Available at: https://www.jiia-jic.jp/en/policybrief/pdf/PolicyBrief_Tokuchi_190225.pdf
Van Niekerk, Brett & Maharaj, Manoj S. (2011). Relevance of Information Warfare Models to Critical Infrastructure Protection, Scientia Militaria, South African Journal of Military Studies, Vol 39 (2), pp. 99-122.
Van Vuuren, Rianne (2018). Information Warfare as Future Weapon of Mass-disruption, Africa 2030s Scenarios, Journal of Futures Studies, Vol 23 (1), pp. 77-94.
Walker, Christopher & Ludwig, Jessica (2017a). The Meaning of Sharp Power, How Authoritarian States Project Influence, Foreign Affairs, Nov 16, 2017. Available at: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2017-11-16/meaning-sharp-power
Walker, Christopher & Ludwig, Jessica (2017b). From Soft Power to Sharp Power, Rising Authoritarian Influence in the Democratic World. Washington, D.C.: International Forum for Democratic Studies, National Endowment for Democracy, December 2017. Available at: https://www.ned.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Introduction-Sharp-Power-Rising-Authoritarian-Influence.pdf
Walker, Christopher (2018a). The Point of Sharp Power, Project Syndicate, Feb 1, 2018. Available at: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/soft-power-shortcomings-by-christopher-walker-2018-02?barrier=accesspaylog
Walker, Christopher (2018b). What is Sharp Power, Journal of Democracy, Vol 29 (3), pp. 9-23.
Waltz, Edward (1998). Information Warfare Principles and Operations, Boston: Artech House.
Wilson, Jeanne (2015). Soft Power: A comparison of Discourse and Practice in Russia and China, Europe-Asia Studies, vol 67 (8), pp. 1171-1202.
Wither, James K. (2016). Making Sense of Hybrid Warfare, Connections, The Quarterly Journal, Vol 15 (2), pp. 73-87.
Wolfberg, Adrian and Young, Brian A. (2016). Is Intelligence an Instrument of National Power? American Intelligence Journal, Vol 33 (1), pp. 26-30.
Yabin, Liang (2018). Sharp power Should not Cut Ties, China US Focus, Feb 12, 2018. Available at: https://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/sharp-power-should-not-cut-ties
التنزيلات
منشور
كيفية الاقتباس
إصدار
القسم
الرخصة
الحقوق الفكرية (c) 2021 Hoshang Sabir Ahmed, Abdelfattah Rashdan
هذا العمل مرخص بموجب Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Qalaai Zanist Journal allows the author to retain the copyright in their articles. Articles are instead made available under a Creative Commons license to allow others to freely access, copy and use research provided the author is correctly attributed.
Creative Commons is a licensing scheme that allows authors to license their work so that others may re-use it without having to contact them for permission
