دور جماعات الضغط في عملية صنع القرار السياسي في الواليات المتحدة األمريكية

الملخص

A political system is a set of constitutional foundations, legal rules, regulations, and political structures associated with political decision making through which an authority exercises its power and maintains its existence. Political decision making, in turn, is the interpretation of political demands into decisions through a series of actions and interactions between political and other sub-social structures. Political demands emerge resulting from the processes of these interactions which are the interpretation of the "needs" and "interests" of social groups and classes. They are also related to the imbalance in the sub-social patterns or their mutual interactions. Political parties, lobby groups, political elites, media, public opinion and the research centers play a significant role in unification, articulation and formulation of interests related to political demands, where their significance and effectiveness vary according to the nature of the political and party systems. For this purpose, the  relies on two methods of scientific research which are descriptive and analytical approaches. Given the problematic nature of the research and the main hypothesis which the study tries to demonstrate, the structure of the research is divided into three chapters including an introduction and a conclusion. Chapter one deals with the concepts and conceptual framework of lobby groups and the political decision-making process. The second chapter examines constitutional institutions in the United States of America. The third chapter and the last chapter are titled “The most influential means of lobbying in political decision-making in the USA