Leadership Styles and Indicators of Their Use in Higher Education.

Jamal Asad Mezel

doi:10.25212/lfu.qzj.7.2.25

Authors

Jamal Asad Mezel Department of General Education, College of Education and Languages, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.7.2.25

Keywords:

Leadership, Leadership Styles, Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Laissez-Faire Leadership, Motivation

Abstract

Universities throughout the world are always striving to enhance their performance in order to satisfy the demands of a highly competitive higher education market, secure resources, and preserve their survival and continuation. In line with this approach, the goal of this research is to determine the nature of business leadership styles and their applicability to the environment of higher education in order to draw certain conclusions that will help universities in Iraq and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The researcher employed the Meta-analysis approach to examine chosen theoretical and applied studies spanning over seven decades, including theoretical studies on leadership concepts, theories, and styles, as well as the pros and cons of leadership.

Several empirical and applied studies connected to the concepts in the theoretical studies were also analyzed in order to derive the results from the applications and determine the extent to which the applied results are compatible with the approved leadership styles' theoretical frameworks. Based on the foregoing, the researcher discussed leadership concepts, theories, styles, and applications, as well as the extent to which leadership style applications are influenced by motivation, the conclusions drawn from them, and indicators of their use in universities and higher education institutions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Allport, G. W. (1937). Personality: a psychological, Retrieved April 2, 2022, interpretation. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1938-01964-000

Amabile, T.M. (1993). Motivational synergy: Toward new conceptualizations of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in the workplace. Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, 185-201.

Arruda, E. H. (2005). Better retention through nursing theory. Journal of Nursing Management, 36(4), 16-18.

Avolio, B.J. (1999). Full leadership development. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Barber, J.D. (1977). The presidential character: predicting performance in the white house. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

Barbuto, J.E. (2005). Motivation and transactional, charismatic, and transformational leadership: A test of antecedents. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 11, No. 4, 26-40.

Bass, B. (1997). Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Military, and Educational Impact. Psychology Press.

Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational leadership (2nd Ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

Bass, B.M. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free press.

Bass, B.M. (1990). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 18, No. 3, 19-31.

Bass, B.M., & Avolio, B.J. (1994). Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Bass, Bernard M. (1990). From Transactional to Transformational Leadership: Learning to Share the Vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18 (3), 19-31.

Bénabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2003). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The review of economic studies Vol. 70, No. 3, 489-520.

Bennis, W.G. (1989). Managing the dream: Leadership in the 21st century. Journal of organizational change management, Vol. 2, No. 1, 6-10.

Burns, J.M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.

Covey, S.R. (1989). The 7 habits of highly effective people. New York: Free Press.

Covey, S.R. (2004). The 8th habit: From effectiveness to greatness. New York: Free Press.

DeCharms, R. (1968). Personal causation: The internal affective determinants of behavior. New York: Academic Press.

Deci, E.L. & Ryan, R.M. (1985). Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum.

Deci, E.L. (1972). The effects of contingent and noncontingent rewards and controls on intrinsic motivation. Organizational behaviour and human performance, Vol. 8, 217-229.

Dermer, J. (1975). The interrelationship of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 18, No. 1, 125-129.

Dubrin, A.J. (2007). Leadership: Research Findings, Practice, and Skills. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.

Einarsen, S., Aasland, M. S., & Skogstad, A. 2007, “Destructive leadership behaviour: A definition and conceptual model”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.18, no: 3, pp.207-216.

Foon, Moey Soo, (2016).Conceptual Framework of Transformational and Transactional Leadership on Nurse Educators Job Satisfaction, International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research, Vol. 4 Issue 1, pp. 596-605

Geib, P., & Swenson, J. (2013). China: Transformational Leadership for Policy and Product Innovation. Advances in Management, 6(5), 3-10.

Getzels, J.W., & Guba, E.G. (1957). Social behaviour and the administrative process. The school review, Vol. 65, 423-441.

Goleman, D. (2000). Leadership that gets results. Harvard business review: the magazine of thoughtful businessmen, Vol. 78, No. 2, 1-15.

Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A., (2001).Primal leadership, the hidden driver of great performance. Breaktrough leadership, Harvard Business Review,

Gratacós, G., Ladrón de Guevara, B. & Rodriguez, I. (2021). A study of teacher leadership concept in institutional documents in Spain. Research in Educational Administration & Leadership, 6(1), 241-275.

Guzzo, R.A. (1979). Types of rewards, cognitions, and work motivation. The Academy of Management Review. Vol. 4, No. 1, 75-86.

Hande Tosunoglu, Ozge Tayfur Ekmekci Ekmekci2LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADERS AND ORGANIZATIONS: HOW DOES LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEADER ERODE THE TRUST IN ORGANIZATIONS? , Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting – (JEFA), Year: 2016 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Harackiewicz, J. (1979). The effects of reward contingency and performance feedback on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 37, 1352-1363.

Hargis, M. B., Wyatt, J.D., Piotrowski, C. (2001). Developing Leaders: Examining the Role of Transactional and Transformational Leadership across Contexts Business. Organization Development Journal. 29 (3), 51–66

Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., & Snyderman, B. B. (1959). The Motivation to Work (2nd Ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Houkes, I., Janssen, P.P.M., Jonge, J. de, & Nijhuis, F.J.N. (2001). Specific relationships between work characteristics and intrinsic work motivation, burnout and turnover intention: A multi-sample analysis. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1-23.

House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P.W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

https://www.britishcouncil.org/sites/default/files/final_leadership_literature_review.pdf

Judge, T.A., & Piccolo, R.F. (2004). Transformational and transactional leadership: A meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 89, No. 5, 755-768.

Jung, D.I. (2001). Transformational and transactional leadership and their effects on creativity in groups. Creativity Research Journal, Vol. 13, No. 2, 185-195.

Jung, D.I., & Avolio, B. J. (2000). Opening the black box: An experimental investigation of the mediating effects of trust and value congruence on transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 21, No. 8, 949-964.

Kalar, T., & Wright, D.L. (2007). Leadership theory and motivation of medical imaging employees. Radiology Management, Vol. 29, No. 6, 20-28.

Kamery, R.H. (2004). Motivation techniques for positive reinforcement: A review. Proceedings of the Academy of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, Vol. 8, No. 2,

Kamery, R.H. (2004). Motivation techniques for positive reinforcement: A review. Proceedings of the Academy of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, Vol. 8, No. 2, 91- 96.

Kendra Cherry (2018).The Major Leadership Theories. The 8 Major Theories of Leadership, Retrieved April 2 2022, https://www.verywellmind.com/leadership-theories-2795323

Kirkpatrick, S.A., & Locke, E.A. (1991). Leadership: Do traits matter? Academy of Management Executive, 5(2), 48-60.

Kouzes, J., & Posner, B. (1995). The leadership challenge: How to keep getting extraordinary things done in organizations. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Kruse, K. (2015, September 2). What Is Leadership? Forbes.https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinkruse/2013/04/09/what-is-leadership/?sh=685c3cc45b90

Lepper, M.R., Greene, D., & Nisbett, R.E. (1973). Undermining children‟s intrinsic interest with extrinsic reward: A test of the “overjustification” hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 1, 129-137.

Leveric T. Ng, (2014)THE POSITIVE INFLUENCE OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP IN GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE, De La Salle University, p.42.

Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., & White, R. K. 1939, “Patterns of aggressive behavior in experimentally created “social climates”, The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.10, no.2, pp. 269-299.

Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., & White, R.K. (1939). Patterns of aggressive behaviour in experimentally created “social climates”. The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 10, 271-301.

Lindner, J.R. (1998). Understanding employee motivation. Extension Journal, Vol. 36, No. 3.

Lizette Eriksson, Frida Jonson, Caroline (2016), TRANSFORMATIONAL ON TRUST MOTIVATION AND LEADERSHIP’S EFFECT, case study of Volvo sales region EMEA, School of Business, Society and Engineering.

Locke, E.A. (1968). Toward a theory of task motivation and incentives. Organizational Behaviour and Human Performance, Vol. 3, 157-189.

Locke, E.A. (1978). The ubiquity of the technique of goal setting in theories of and approaches to employee motivation. The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 3, No. 3, 594-601.

Maslow, A.H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological review, Vol. 50, No. 4, 370-396.

Maxwell, J.C. (1998). The 21 irrefutable laws of leadership: Follow them and people will follow you, Tennessee: Thomas Nelson. 38.

Mayo, E. (1933). The human problems of an industrial civilization. New York: MacMillan.

McClelland, D.C. (1961). The achieving society. New York: Free press.

McGregor, D. (1960). The human side of enterprise. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Mezel J. A., Adnan Fadhil Khaleel, Eslavath D. N.(2019- a), Impact Of Transformational Leadership on Motivating Faculty Members, Restaurant Business, Vol-118-Issue-11-November,pp 303-320

Mezel, Jamal Asad, Nedhal Abdul Hafedh Taher & Kiran Das Naik Eslavath, (2019-b), Impact of Leadership Styles on Teaching Activities of Math Faculty Members, Restaurant Business, Vol-118-Issue-11-November.

Mezel, J.A. & Eslavath, K., N. (2019- c), Administrative Environment and Employee Productivity in Higher Education A Theoretical View. Restaurant Business, Vol-118-Issue-11-November, p. 230.

Mezel,J.A., Nedhal Abdul Hafedh Taher & Eslavath, K.,N (2019-d), THE EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS UPON TEACHING PRODUCTIVITY IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN ERBIL,International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 10, Issue 09, September, pp. 174-182,

Mezel,J.A., Nedhal Abdul Hafedh Taher & Eslavath, K.,N (2019-e), PRODUCTIVITY OF TEACHING PERFORMANCE OF FACULTY MEMBERS IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES IN KURDISTAN REGION OF IRAQ, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 10, Issue 09, September, pp. 183-192.

Mezel,J.A., Nedhal Abdul Hafedh Taher & Eslavath, K.,N (2019-f), THE EFFECT OF HUMANITARIAN FACTORS UPON TEACHING PERFORMANCE IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES, International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET), Volume 10, Issue 09, September, pp.193-201.

Murphy, A.J. (1941). A study of the leadership process. American Sociological Review, Vol. 6, No. 5, 674-687.

Northouse, P. G. (2010), “Leadership: theory and practice”, Thousand Oaks California: Sage

Osterloh, M., & Frey, B.S. (2000). Motivation, knowledge transfer, and organizational forms. Organization Science, Vol. 11, No. 5, 538-550. 15. Pintrich, P.R., & Schunk, D.H. (1996).

Pintrich, P.R., & Schunk, D.H. (1996). Motivation in education: theory, research, and applications. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Reiss, S. (2004). Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires. Review of general psychology, Vol. 8, No. 3, 179-193.

Rasool, Humayun Faiz, Irfan Ullah Arfeen, Wahbeeah Mothi, and Usman Aslam. 2015. “Leadership Styls and Its Impact on Employees’ Performance in Health Sector of Pakistan.” City University Research Journal 5(1):97–109.

Reiss, S. (2004). Multifaceted nature of intrinsic motivation: The theory of 16 basic desires. Review of general psychology, Vol. 8, No. 3, 179-193.

Robbins, S.P. (1994). Essentials of Organizational Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Robbins, S.P., & M. Coulter (1996). Management. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Rost, J.C. (1991). Leadership for the twenty-first century. New York: Praeger.

Rowold, J., & Heinitz, K. (2007). Transformational and charismatic leadership: Assessing the convergent, divergent and criterion validity of the MLQ and the CKS. The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 18, 121-133.

Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000-a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 25, 54-67

Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000-b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, Vol. 55, No. 1, 68-78.

Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000-a). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, Vol. 25, 54-67.

Ryan, R.M., & Deci, E.L. (2000-b). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, Vol. 55, No. 1, 68-78.

Schaffer, B. (2008). Leadership and motivation. Super Vision, Vol. 69, No. 2, 6-9.

Schyns, B., & Schilling, J. 2013, “How bad are the effects of bad leaders? A meta-analysis of destructive leadership and its outcomes”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol.24, no: 1, pp.138-158.

Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Shamir, B., House, R.J., & Arthur, M.B. (1993). The motivational effects of charismatic leadership: A self concept-based theory. Organization Science, Vol. 4, No. 4, 577-594.

Simola, S., Barling, J., & Turner, N. (2012). Transformational Leadership and Leaders’ Mode of Care Reasoning. Journal of Business Ethics, 108, 229–237.

Stone, A. G., Russell, R. F. and Patterson, K. (2003). Transformational versus servant leadership: A difference in leader focus. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 25(4), 349-361.

Umme Salma Sultana, Mohd Ridzuan Darun and Liu Yao (2015), TRANSACTIONAL OR TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP: WHICH WORKS BEST FOR NOW? International Journal of Industrial Management (IJIM).

Upenieks, V. V. (2003). The interrelationship of organizational characteristics of magnet hospitals, nursing leadership and nursing job satisfaction. Health Care Manager, 27(2), 83-98

Vroom, V.H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York: Wiley.

Webb, K. (2007). Motivation peak performance: Leadership behaviours that stimulate employee motivation and performance. Christian Higher Education, Vol. 6, No. 1, 53-71.

White, R.W. (1959). Motivation reconsidered: The concept of competence. Psychological review, Vol. 66, 297-333.

Yang, Ling Hui(2016),"How the Transformational Leadership Style of Superintendents is Associated With Employees’ Organizational Commitment via the Mediating Effect of Extrinsic Motivation Within Nursing Homes for Disabled People in Taiwan" Theses & Dissertations. 8

Yperen, N.W., van, & Hagedoorn, M. (2003). Do high job demands increase intrinsic motivation or fatigue or both? The role of job control and job social support. Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 46, No. 3, 339-348.

Yukl, G. (1989). Managerial leadership: A review of theory and research. Journal of Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, 251-289.

Yukl, G. (1994). Leadership in organizations. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 2, 285-305.

Zuckerman, M., Porac, J., Lathin, D., Smith, R., & Deci, E.L. (1978). On the importance of self determination for intrinsically motivated behaviour. Personally and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol.4, 443-446.