Reasons and Consequences for The Obama Administration's policy of Military Withdrawal in Iraq (2009-2017)

المؤلفون

  • Mhran mirkhan hesen International Relations, Soran University, Erbil, Iraq
  • Nawzad Abdullah Shukri Department of International Relations & Diplomacy, Salahaddin University-Erbil,Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.9.3.48

الكلمات المفتاحية:

Withdrawal, Military, Policy, Iraq, War

الملخص

In 2011, President Barack Obama announced a policy of military withdrawal from Iraq. This policy aimed to gradually withdraw the majority of US troops from Iraq and transition security responsibilities to Iraqi forces. During the campaign Barack Obama promised an end to the Iraq war. The policy was based on the belief that Iraq's security forces were capable of handling the country's security needs and that a long-term US military presence in Iraq was not necessary. this article attempts to explain several reasons and consequences of the withdrawal. The cost of the war had become unsustainable, the withdrawal started in August 2010, and all US military personnel had left Iraq by December 2011. The decision to withdraw was met with mixed reactions. Supporters argued that the war had become too costly, both in terms of lives and money, and that it was time for Iraq to take responsibility for its own security. Critics argued that a precipitous withdrawal could lead to instability and increased violence in Iraq. In the years following the withdrawal, Iraq experienced a surge in violence, including the Rise of ISIS and Intensifying the ethnic and sectarian conflict and Expansion of Shia militias group in Iraq and growing Iranian influence in Iraq.

التنزيلات

بيانات التنزيل غير متوفرة بعد.

المراجع

Abdel-Razek, O., & Puttick, M. (2016). Majorities and minorities in post-ISIS Iraq. Contemporary Arab Affairs, 9(4), 565–576.

Abdulrahman, S. A. (2019). The occupation of Iraq: Winning the war, losing the peace. Taylor & Francis.

Abdulrazaq, T. & Stansfield, G..(2016). The Enemy Within: ISIS and the Conquest of Mosul. The Middle East Journal, 70(4), Pp.526.

Al-Jaff, A., & Al-Tamimi, A. (2018b). Iran's role in the fight against ISIS in Iraq. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Al-Jubeir, A. (2016). The role of Saudi Arabia in the fight against ISIS. Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Al-Rasheed, M. (2019). Saudi Arabia and the new sectarianism. Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea, 9(1), 1-14.

Al-Tamimi, A. (2018). Iran's influence in Iraq: The role of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. The Washington Institute for Near East Policy.

Alfoneh, A. (2015). Iran and the Rise of ISIS. The Atlantic Council.

Ansari, H. (2012). Sunnism and Shiism: The Roots of Sectarianism in a Changing Middle East. Hurst & Co.

Arango. (2012). “Iraq’s Prime Minister Gains More Power After Political Crisis.” New York Times,. Retrieved November 16, 2022.

Ashford, E. (2016). The Iran-ISIS rivalry: understanding the complex dynamics in the Middle East. CATO Institute.

Baker, A., Lee , H., & Eagleburger, S. (2006). The Iraq Study Group Report . Retrieved November 19, 2022.

Bannelier-Christakis, K. (2016). Military interventions against ISIL in Iraq, Syria and Libya, and the Legal Basis of Consent. Leiden Journal of International Law, 29(3), 743–775.

Bazergar, K. (2010). Iran’s Foreign Policy Strategy after Saddam. The Washington Quarterly, 33(1), 173-189.

Bengio, O. (2007). Sectarianism in post-Saddam Iraq. The Middle East Journal, 61(1), 1-20.

Bevir, M., & Blakely, J. (2018). Interpretive social science: An anti-naturalist approach. Oxford University Press.

Biddle, S. (2017). Building security forces & stabilizing nations: The problem of agency. Daedalus, 146(4), 126–138.

Biddle, S., Friedman, J. A., & Long, S. (2012). Civil war intervention and the problem of Iraq. International Studies Quarterly, 56(1), 85–98.

Blanchard, C. M., & Humud, C. E. (2017). The Islamic State and US Policy. Congressional Research Service Washington United States.

Brown, S. (2017). The Syrian conflict and its spillover effects in Iraq. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 61(5), 847-870.

Brands, H. (2016). Barack Obama and the dilemmas of American grand strategy. The Washington Quarterly, 39(4), 101–125.

Brands, H. (2017). US grand strategy in an age of nationalism: Fortress America and its alternatives. The Washington Quarterly, 40(1), 73–94.

Clarke, M., & Ricketts, A. (2017). Did Obama have a grand strategy? Journal of Strategic Studies, 40(1–2), 295–324.

Taylor, J. (2016). Corruption and mismanagement in post-invasion Iraq. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 26(3), 401-420.

Electronic material

BBC (2022) "Why are there tensions between Shia and Sunni Muslims?" Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29616188

BBC News (2017). “What is the difference between Sunni and Shia Islam?” Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29767527.

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (2022) “The Roots of the Shi'a-Sunni Divide” Available at: https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/73040

Council on Foreign Relations (2021). “Shiite-Sunni Relations” Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/shiite-sunni-relations.

Al-Monitor (2021). “Shiite-Sunni tension in Gulf Arab states.” Available at:

https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2021/03/shiite-sunni-tension-gulf-arab-states-biden- policy.html

Aljazeera (2021). "Shia-Sunni conflict: What you need to know" Available at: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/shia-sunni-conflict-150602085927227.html.

Amnesty International, Absolute Impunity: Militia Rule in Iraq (London: Amnesty International, 2014), https://www.amnesty.org.uk/sites/default/files/absolute_impunity_iraq_report.pdf.

Baram, A. (2003). The Iraqi tribes and the post-Saddam system. Saban Center for Middle East Policy, Brookings Institution, July 8, 2003, accessed January 22, 2016, http://www.brookings.edu/research/papers/2003/07/08iraq-baram

التنزيلات

منشور

2024-10-06

كيفية الاقتباس

Mhran mirkhan hesen, & Nawzad Abdullah Shukri. (2024). Reasons and Consequences for The Obama Administration’s policy of Military Withdrawal in Iraq (2009-2017). QALAAI ZANIST JOURNAL, 9(3), 1187–1203. https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.9.3.48

إصدار

القسم

Articles