The Washington Peace Agreement and the U.S. Policy towards Ending the Civil War in the Kurdistan Region : (1998)

Mabast Hazhar Hamad; Sarwar Abdulrahman Omar

doi:10.25212/lfu.qzj.9.2.9

Authors

Mabast Hazhar Hamad PhD candidate, Department of History, College of Education, Koya University, Koya, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
Sarwar Abdulrahman Omar Pay institute for Education and Development, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.9.2.9

Keywords:

Washington peace agreement, U.S. Foreign Policy, Civil War, Middle East, Kurdistan, Kurdish People.

Abstract

In September 1998, Barzani and Talabani signed the U.S. mediated Washington peace agreement establishing a formal peace treaty. In the agreement, the parties agreed to share revenue, share power, deny the use of northern Iraq to the PKK, and not allow Iraqi troops into the Kurdish region. The United States pledged to use military force to protect the Kurds from possible aggression by Saddam Hussein.

This study focuses on the U.S. policy towards resolving and ending the Kurdish civil war in Iraqi Kurdistan, which lasted after four years and directed the Kurdish question in Iraq into uncertain and harmful direction. Thousands of Kurdish citizens became victims of these internal battles.

The agreement had a direct impact on the resolution of the military conflict between the two Kurdish parties, and became an important turning point in contemporary Kurdish history and gave the Kurdish leadership the opportunity to open a new chapter in dealing with each other. The agreement also led to a new policy in the region at the regional and international levels, in which the United States was able to prevent further political interference of the Ba'ath regime and neighboring countries in the affairs of the Kurdish autonomous region.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

١- پەرتوکەکان بە زمانی ئینگلیزی

- Bengio Ofra (2012): The kurds of Iraq, building a state within a state, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

- Charountaki Marianna (2010): The Kurds and U.S. foreign policy, London.

- Cordesman H. Anthony (1994): Iran and Iraq, The threat from the northern gulf, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

- Collier Paul (2003): Breaking the conflict trap, Civil war and development policy, Oxford.

- Chandrasekaran Rajiv (2007): Imperial life in the Emerald city, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

- Howard Michael (1994): War and nations in nationalism, Oxford.

- Katzman Kenneth (2005): Iraq, U.S. efforts to change the regime, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

- Lawrence Quil (2008): Invisible nation, how the Kurds quest for statehood in shaping Iraq and the Middle East, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

- Makovsky Alan (1998): Kurdish agreement signals, new U.S. commitment policy watch, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

- Meho I. Lokman (2004): The Kurdish question in the US foreign policy, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

- Rogg Inga (2007): The kurds as parties and victims of conflicts in Iraq, London.

- Stansfield V. Gareth (2003): Iraqi Kurdistan, Political development and emergent democracy, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

- Tahiri Hussein (2007): The structure of Kurdish society and the struggle for a Kurdish state, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

- Tilly Charles (1985): War making and state making as organized crime in bringing the state back in, Cambridge.

- Whitley Andrew (2004): The Clinton administration and the Kurds, Simon & Schuster. New York. NY.

٢- پەرتوکەکان بە زمانی کوردی:

١- کۆچێرا کریس (٢٠٠٢): بزووتنەوەی نەتەوەیی کورد و هیوای سەربەخۆیی. وەرگێرانی ئەکرەمی میهرداد. سەنتەری چاپ و پەخشی تەما، سلێمانی.

٢- ئەمین موستەفا نەوشیروان (٢٠٠٩): ئێمە و ئەوان. دەزگای ووشە، سلێمانی.

٣-گۆڤارەکان :

- Gunter M. Michael (1999): The foreign policy of the Iraqi Kurds’, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. XX, No. 3. New York. NY.

- Sorli E. Mirjam (2005): Why is there so much conflict in Middle East?. journal of conflict resolution. No.145. London.

٤-دیدارەکان:

١- د. ماریانا خارونتاکی ( پسپۆر لە سیاسەتی ئەمریکا بەرامبەر بە دۆزی کورد، مامۆستا لە زانکۆی لینکۆلن بەریتانیا)، رێکەوتی ٥/١٠/٢٠٢٢، هەولێر.

٢- لاهوور جەنگی تالەبانی ( سیاسەتمەدار و هاوسەرۆکی یەکێتی نیشتیمانی کوردستان)، رێکەوتی ١٤/١١/٢٠٢٢، سلێمانی.

٣- پ.د.کرمانج گوندی،( بیرمەند و چاودێری سیاسی و پرۆفیسۆر لە زانکۆی تێنیسی ئەمریکا). رێکەوتی ١٠/١٢/٢٠٢٢، ئەمریکا، دیداری راستەوخۆی ئەلیکترۆنی (Zoom meeting).