Inflammatory Response and The Effect of Coronavirus on Some Body Organs in Hospitalized Patients

Gulstan Mudhafar Nooruldeen; Hiwa Ramadhan Fatah

doi:10.25212/lfu.qzj.8.4.43

المؤلفون

Gulstan Mudhafar Nooruldeen Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya, KOY45, Kurdistan Region-F.R. Iraq
Hiwa Ramadhan Fatah Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Health, Koya University, Koya, KOY45, Kurdistan Region-F.R. Iraq

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.8.4.43

الكلمات المفتاحية:

COVID-19, SARS-CoV2, ACE2, Inflammatory biomarkers, Biochemical parameters

الملخص

Background. In the last three years, coronavirus was effectively introduced as leading cause of death worldwide. This virus actively damages the main parts of the respiratory system in the early infection. Immune response may limit the infection and rescue the patient somewhat. However, the chronic infection may have a serious systematic effect and reduce the function of other organs including kidney and liver. Investigation of inflammatory response and the main indicators of kidney and liver damage is the main purpose of this study.

Methods. Present study included a hundred and six patients with confirmed COVID-19 (52 females and 54 males). All patients were aged 25 or over. Twenty non-COVID-19 infected group were also used in this study. The sample collection take about eight weeks. Hematological parameters, inflammatory response and coagulation factor were determined with CBC, CD4, C-reactive protein (CRP) and D-dimer in Covid-19 infected patients and in non-COVID-19 infected groups. Serum concentrations of creatinine (Cre), Urea, Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), T.Bilirubin (TSB), D.Bilirubin (DB), and Albumin were also studied in Covid19 infected patients and in non-COVID-19 infected groups.

Results. In Covid-19 infected patients, inflammatory markers, CRP and WBC are increased and immunological parameters, CD4 and LYM are decreased. Serum concentrations of Cre, urea, ALT, AST, ALP, TSB, and DB are all increased in Covid-19 infected patients, whereas the serum level of ALB was decreased. In Covid19 infected patients increased plasma level of D-dimer was observed.

Conclusion. It is concluded that in Covid-19 infected patients, renal and liver functions are significantly reduced with increased inflammatory response.

التنزيلات

بيانات التنزيل غير متوفرة بعد.

المراجع

Al-Jumaili, M. M. O., Al-dulaimi, F. K., & Ajeel, M. A. (2020). The role of Ganoderma lucidum uptake on some hematological and immunological response in patients with coronavirus (COVID-19). Sys Rev Pharm, 11(8), 537-541.

Bernardi, M., Angeli, P., Claria, J., Moreau, R., Gines, P., Jalan, R., ... & Arroyo, V. (2020). Albumin in decompensated cirrhosis: new concepts and perspectives. Gut, 69(6), 1127-1138.

Bertolini, A., van de Peppel, I. P., Bodewes, F. A., Moshage, H., Fantin, A., Farinati, F., ... & Peserico, G. (2020). Abnormal liver function tests in patients with COVID‐19: relevance and potential pathogenesis. Hepatology, 72(5), 1864-1872.

Canzano, P., Brambilla, M., Porro, B., Cosentino, N., Tortorici, E., Vicini, S., ... & Camera, M. (2021). Platelet and endothelial activation as potential mechanisms behind the thrombotic complications of COVID-19 patients. Basic to Translational Science, 6(3), 202-218.

Chalmers, S., Khawaja, A., Wieruszewski, P. M., Gajic, O., & Odeyemi, Y. (2019). Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary inflammation in critically ill patients: the role of inflammatory biomarkers. World journal of critical care medicine, 8(5), 59.

Chu, H., Zhou, J., Wong, B. H. Y., Li, C., Chan, J. F. W., Cheng, Z. S., ... & Yuen, K. Y. (2016). Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus efficiently infects human primary T lymphocytes and activates the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis pathways. The Journal of infectious diseases, 213(6), 904-914.

Clark, R., Waters, B., & Stanfill, A. G. (2021). Elevated liver function tests in COVID-19: Causes, clinical evidence, and potential treatments. The Nurse Practitioner, 46(1), 21.

Fan, Z., Chen, L., Li, J., Cheng, X., Yang, J., Tian, C., ... & Cheng, J. (2020). Clinical features of COVID-19-related liver functional abnormality. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 18(7), 1561-1566.

Gowda, S. B., Gosavi, S., Rao, A. A., Shastry, S., Raj, S. C., Menon, S., ... & Sharma, A. (2021). Prognosis of COVID-19: red cell distribution width, platelet distribution width, and C-reactive protein. Cureus, 13(2).

Hong, X. W., Chi, Z. P., Liu, G. Y., Huang, H., Guo, S. Q., Fan, J. R., ... & Zhang, Y. H. (2020). Characteristics of renal function in patients diagnosed with COVID-19: an observational study. Frontiers in medicine, 7, 409.

Wu, W., Wang, A., & Liu, M. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.

Jiang, M., Guo, Y., Luo, Q., Huang, Z., Zhao, R., Liu, S., ... & Wan, L. (2020). T-cell subset counts in peripheral blood can be used as discriminatory biomarkers for diagnosis and severity prediction of coronavirus disease 2019. The Journal of infectious diseases, 222(2), 198-202.

Kazancioglu, S., Yilmaz, F. M., Bastug, A., Sakallı, A., Ozbay, B. O., Buyuktarakci, C., ... & Yilmaz, G. (2021). Lymphocyte subset alteration and monocyte CD4 expression reduction in patients with severe COVID-19. Viral Immunology, 34(5), 342-351.

Li, H., Liu, L., Zhang, D., Xu, J., Dai, H., Tang, N., ... & Cao, B. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and viral sepsis: observations and hypotheses. The Lancet, 395(10235), 1517-1520.

Li, J., Li, M., Zheng, S., Li, M., Zhang, M., Sun, M., ... & Zhang, H. (2020). Plasma albumin levels predict risk for nonsurvivors in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Biomarkers in Medicine, 14(10), 827-837.

Li, Y., Hu, Y., Yu, J., & Ma, T. (2020). Retrospective analysis of laboratory testing in 54 patients with severe-or critical-type 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia. Laboratory investigation, 100(6), 794-800.

Li, Z., Wu, M., Yao, J., Guo, J., Liao, X., Song, S., ... & Yan, J. (2020). Caution on kidney dysfunctions of COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv.

Liu, W., Tao, Z. W., Wang, L., Yuan, M. L., Liu, K., Zhou, L. & Hu, Y. (2020). Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chinese medical journal, 133(09), 1032-1038.

Liu, Y. M., Xie, J., Chen, M. M., Zhang, X., Cheng, X., Li, H., ... & Li, H. (2021). Kidney function indicators predict adverse outcomes of COVID-19. Med, 2(1), 38-48.

Liu, Y., Sun, W., Guo, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, L., Zhao, S., ... & Yu, L. (2020). Association between platelet parameters and mortality in coronavirus disease 2019: Retrospective cohort study. Platelets, 31(4), 490-496.

Liu, Y., Yang, Y., Zhang, C., Huang, F., Wang, F., Yuan, J., ... & Liu, L. (2020). Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Science China Life Sciences, 63(3), 364-374.

Napoli, C., Benincasa, G., Criscuolo, C., Faenza, M., Liberato, C., & Rusciano, M. (2021). Immune reactivity during COVID-19: Implications for treatment. Immunology letters, 231, 28-34.

Oudit, G. Y., & Pfeffer, M. A. (2020). Plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: novel biomarker in heart failure with implications for COVID-19. European heart journal, 41(19), 1818-1820.

Przekop, D., Gruszewska, E., & Chrostek, L. (2021). Liver function in COVID-19 infection. World Journal of Hepatology, 13(12), 1909.

Rabaan, A. A., Al-Ahmed, S. H., Haque, S., Sah, R., Tiwari, R., Malik, Y. S., ... & Rodriguez-Morales, A. J. (2020). SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-COV: a comparative overview. Infez Med, 28(2), 174-184.

Ronco, C., Reis, T., & Husain-Syed, F. (2020). Management of acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(7), 738-742.

Sardu, C., Gambardella, J., Morelli, M. B., Wang, X., Marfella, R., & Santulli, G. (2020). Hypertension, thrombosis, kidney failure, and diabetes: is COVID-19 an endothelial disease? A comprehensive evaluation of clinical and basic evidence. Journal of clinical medicine, 9(5), 1417.

Soleimani, M. (2020). Acute kidney injury in SARS-CoV-2 infection: direct effect of virus on kidney proximal tubule cells. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(9), 3275.

Su, H., Yang, M., Wan, C., Yi, L. X., Tang, F., Zhu, H. Y., ... & Zhang, C. (2020). Renal histopathological analysis of 26 postmortem findings of patients with COVID-19 in China. Kidney international, 98(1), 219-227.

Tang, N., Bai, H., Chen, X., Gong, J., Li, D., & Sun, Z. (2020). Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis, 18(5), 1094-1099.

Tian, D., & Ye, Q. (2020). Hepatic complications of COVID‐19 and its treatment. Journal of medical virology, 92(10), 1818-1824.

Wang, F., Hou, H., Luo, Y., Tang, G., Wu, S., Huang, M., ... & Sun, Z. (2020). The laboratory tests and host immunity of COVID-19 patients with different severity of illness. JCI insight, 5(10).

Wang, L. (2020). C-reactive protein levels in the early stage of COVID-19. Medecine et maladies infectieuses, 50(4), 332-334.

Wang, Q., Zhang, Y., Wu, L., Niu, S., Song, C., Zhang, Z., ... & Qi, J. (2020). Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2. Cell, 181(4), 894-904.

Warusevitane, A., Karunatilake, D., Sim, J., Smith, C., & Roffe, C. (2016). Early diagnosis of pneumonia in severe stroke: clinical features and the diagnostic role of C-reactive protein. PloS one, 11(3), e0150269.

Yan, R., Zhang, Y., Li, Y., Xia, L., Guo, Y., & Zhou, Q. (2020). Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2. Science, 367(6485), 1444-1448.

Yang, X., Yang, Q., Wang, Y., Wu, Y., Xu, J., Yu, Y., & Shang, Y. (2020). Thrombocytopenia and its association with mortality in patients with COVID‐19. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 18(6), 1469-1472.

Yang, Y., Lu, Q. B., Liu, M. J., Wang, Y. X., Zhang, A. R., Jalali, N., ... & Fang, L. Q. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical features of the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in China. medrxiv.

Yu, H. H., Qin, C., Chen, M., Wang, W., & Tian, D. S. (2020). D-dimer level is associated with the severity of COVID-19. Thrombosis research, 195, 219-225.

Zhang, J. J., Dong, X., Cao, Y. Y., Yuan, Y. D., Yang, Y. B., Yan, Y. Q., ... & Gao, Y. D. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS‐CoV‐2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy, 75(7), 1730-1741.

Zhao, X., Wang, K., Zuo, P., Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Xie, S., ... & Liu, C. (2020). Early decrease in blood platelet count is associated with poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients—indications for predictive, preventive, and personalized medical approach. EPMA Journal, 11(2), 139-145.

Zheng, Y., Zhang, Y., Chi, H., Chen, S., Peng, M., Luo, L., ... & Wang, D. (2020). The hemocyte counts as a potential biomarker for predicting disease progression in COVID-19: a retrospective study. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM), 58(7), 1106-1115.

Zhou, P., Yang, X. L., Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., Zhang, W., ... & Shi, Z. L. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. nature, 579(7798), 270-273.

Zhu, N., Zhang, D., Wang, W., Li, X., Yang, B., Song, J., ... & Tan, W. (2020). A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine.