China in the Middle East: Priorities and Strategic Characteristics
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.9.3.24Keywords:
Political Pragmatism, Chinese Strategy, Competition,Abstract
This study aims to identify China's strategic priorities and key directions of China's political presence، which seeks to balance threats and opportunities in a volatile region such as the Middle East. Given the instability in the area caused by the U.S.'s global war on terror, the specifics of China's policy in the Middle East and North Africa are noteworthy, given that China's interests are at stake. Therefore، using analytical methods، the factors influencing the policy in the Middle East of the People's Republic of China were identified، which undoubtedly contributed to the change in the regional order. Finally, this study concludes that the future of China's presence in the Middle East will be determined by China's global strategy، as well as China's vision of its role and the future world order in general.
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.بهزمانى رووسى
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Михеев В.В., Швыдко В.Г. Прогноз стратегий стран транстихоокеанского пространства. М.: ИМЭМО РАН, 2017.
Морозов Ю.В. Подходы КНР, США и РФ в борьбе в сфере геополитики в регионах мира // Россия и Америка в ХХI веке. М., 2020. №1.
Бребдани Аммар Мухсен, and Нахро Мухаммад Исмаел. "Китай на Ближнем Востоке: стратегические приоритеты и особенности" Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история, vol. 16, no. 1, 2024, pp. 28-40. doi:10.22363/2312-8127-2024-16-1-28-40
به زمانى ئينگليزى
Almeida M. China’s ’Marshall Plan’ for the Arab world //Arab News. 14.07.2018. URL: https://www.arabnews.com/node/1338856 (датаобращения: 15.07.2022).
Alterman J.B. Chinese and Russian Influence in the Middle East // Middle East Policy. 2019. Vol.26(2).
Andersen L.E., Jiang, Y. China’s engagement in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Xinjiang. Will China’s root cause model provide regional stability and security? // DIIS: Danish Institute for International Studies / URL: https://www.diis.dk/publikationer/chinas-developmentstability-root-cause-model-faces-challenges (31.08.2022).
Andersen L.E., Lons C., Peragovics T., Rózsa E.N., Sidło K.W. China-MENA relations in the context of Chinese global strategy // The role of China in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Beyond economic interests? Barcelonaё: iemed: European Institute of the Mideterranean, 2020. P.6-9. URL: https://www.euro es ou.net/we-content/uploads/2020/05/JPS Thé-Role-of-China-in-the-MENA.pdf (11.09.2022).
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Chaziza M. The Arab Spring: Implications For Chinese Policy // Middle East Review of International Affairs. Herzliya, 2013. Vol.17(2). P.73-83. URL: https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/meria/v17i2/f_0029657_23972.pdf (дата обращения: 14.06.2022).
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Dunsmore M. Chinese Involvement in the Middle East. Implications for the United States // AUDRA: American University Digital Research Archive, 2013. URL: https://auislandora-stage.wrlc.org/islandora/object/1213capstones%3A69/datastream/PDF/view (08.10.2022).
Fulton J. China between Iran and the Gulf Monarchies // Middle East Policy. 2021. Vol.28(3-4). P.203-216. Https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12589
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Fulton J. China in the Persian Gulf: Hedging Under the U.S. Umbrella // Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics. Abingdon: Routledge, 2020. No.1. P.492-505. Https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201981-36. URL: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429201981-36/china-persian-gulf-jonathan-fulton (17.08.2022)
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Andi S. H. China’s Middle East Foreign Policy: A Soft Power Approach and Human Right Issues Technium Social Sciences Journal
Vol. 39, 475-493, January, 2023.
Erzsébet N. Rózsa, Tamás Peragovics. China's Political, Military and Cultural Engagement. The MENA Region. //The Role of China in the Middle East and North Africa: beyond Economic Interests? 2020. P.62
Samuel Ramani. China in the Middle East: The Iraqi Kurdish Question. //The Diplomat. October 05. 2017. https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/china-in-the-middle-east-the-iraqi-kurdish-question/
Beijing Pledges USD100m to Jordan, Syria, Yemen, Palestine. //Alghad. 2018-07-10 https://alghad.com/beijing-pledges-usd100m-to-jordan-syria-yemen-palestine/
Lars Erslev Andersen, & Yang Jiang. Is China Challenging the US in the Persian Gulf? DIIS Report: 29 // Danish Institute for International Studies, 2014.
China Pushes Four-points Israeli-Palestinian Peace Plan. // Times of Israel. 2017.
https://www.timesofisrael.com/china-pushes-four-point-israeli-palestinian-peace-plan; China Puts forward Four-point Proposal Regarding Palestine-Israel conflict // Xinhua. 2021/05-17
بهزمانى كوردى
سهيد حاميدى حوسينى، سهيد ئهمير نياكويى/ ههڵسهنگاندنى نهرمه هێزى چين له رۆژههڵاتى ناوهڕاستى عهرهبى ، وهرگێرانى: ئهرخهوان سهيفور ئهسكهندهر، گۆڤارى ئايندهناسى، ژماره(20) ساڵى پێنجهم، نيسانى 2023.
.بهزمانى رووسى
Евсеенко А.С. Политика США, России и Китая на Ближнем Востоке и в Центральной Азии // Взаимоотношения России- Китая - США в рамках стратегического треугольника. М.: ИДВ РАН. 2020.
Михеев В.В., Швыдко В.Г. Прогноз стратегий стран транстихоокеанского пространства. М.: ИМЭМО РАН, 2017.
Морозов Ю.В. Подходы КНР, США и РФ в борьбе в сфере геополитики в регионах мира // Россия и Америка в ХХI веке. М., 2020. №1.
Бребдани Аммар Мухсен, and Нахро Мухаммад Исмаел. "Китай на Ближнем Востоке: стратегические приоритеты и особенности" Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Всеобщая история, vol. 16, no. 1, 2024, pp. 28-40. doi:10.22363/2312-8127-2024-16-1-28-40
به زمانى ئينگليزى
Almeida M. China’s ’Marshall Plan’ for the Arab world //Arab News. 14.07.2018. URL: https://www.arabnews.com/node/1338856 (датаобращения: 15.07.2022).
Alterman J.B. Chinese and Russian Influence in the Middle East // Middle East Policy. 2019. Vol.26(2).
Andersen L.E., Jiang, Y. China’s engagement in Pakistan, Afghanistan and Xinjiang. Will China’s root cause model provide regional stability and security? // DIIS: Danish Institute for International Studies / URL: https://www.diis.dk/publikationer/chinas-developmentstability-root-cause-model-faces-challenges (31.08.2022).
Andersen L.E., Lons C., Peragovics T., Rózsa E.N., Sidło K.W. China-MENA relations in the context of Chinese global strategy // The role of China in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Beyond economic interests? Barcelonaё: iemed: European Institute of the Mideterranean, 2020. P.6-9. URL: https://www.euro es ou.net/we-content/uploads/2020/05/JPS Thé-Role-of-China-in-the-MENA.pdf (11.09.2022).
Tessman B.F. System Structure and State Strategy: Adding Hedging to the Menu // Security Studies. 2012. Vol.21(2). Https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2012.679203
Chaziza M. The Arab Spring: Implications For Chinese Policy // Middle East Review of International Affairs. Herzliya, 2013. Vol.17(2). P.73-83. URL: https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/journals/meria/v17i2/f_0029657_23972.pdf (дата обращения: 14.06.2022).
Sun D., Zoubir Y. China’s Participation in Conflict Resolution in the Middle East and North Africa: A Case of Quasi-Mediation Diplomacy? // Journal of Contemporary China. 2017. Vol.27(110). Https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1389019
Sun D., Zoubir Y. China's Response to the Revolts in the Arab World: A Case of Pragmatic Diplomacy // Mediterranean Politics. 2014. Vol.19(1). P.2-20. Https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2013.809257
Dorsey J.M. China and the Middle East: Venturing into the maelstrom // RSIS working paper. Singapore, 2016. No.296. Https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2735622. URL: https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/WP296.pdf (24.09.2022).
Dunsmore M. Chinese Involvement in the Middle East. Implications for the United States // AUDRA: American University Digital Research Archive, 2013. URL: https://auislandora-stage.wrlc.org/islandora/object/1213capstones%3A69/datastream/PDF/view (08.10.2022).
Fulton J. China between Iran and the Gulf Monarchies // Middle East Policy. 2021. Vol.28(3-4). P.203-216. Https://doi.org/10.1111/mepo.12589
Fulton J. China’s changing role in the Middle East // Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East. Wash: Atlantic Council, 2019. P.1-27. URL: https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wpcontent/uploads/2019/06/Chinas_Changing_Role_in_the_Middle_East.pdf (14.10.2022).
Fulton J. China in the Persian Gulf: Hedging Under the U.S. Umbrella // Routledge Handbook of Persian Gulf Politics. Abingdon: Routledge, 2020. No.1. P.492-505. Https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429201981-36. URL: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429201981-36/china-persian-gulf-jonathan-fulton (17.08.2022)
Gregory F.G. Beyond Sectarianism: The New Middle East Cold War // Brookings Doha Centre. Wash.: The Brooking Institution, 2014. P.1-27. URL: https://www.brookings.edu/research/beyond-sectarianism-the-new-middle-east-cold-war/ (01.10.2022).
Hirono M. Exploring the links between Chinese foreign policy and humanitarian action Multiple interests, processes and actors // Humanitarian Policy Group. L.: Overseas Development Institute, 2018. P.1-36. URL: https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resourcedocuments/12015.pdf07.08.2022).
Andi S. H. China’s Middle East Foreign Policy: A Soft Power Approach and Human Right Issues Technium Social Sciences Journal
Vol. 39, 475-493, January, 2023.
Erzsébet N. Rózsa, Tamás Peragovics. China's Political, Military and Cultural Engagement. The MENA Region. //The Role of China in the Middle East and North Africa: beyond Economic Interests? 2020. P.62
Samuel Ramani. China in the Middle East: The Iraqi Kurdish Question. //The Diplomat. October 05. 2017. https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/china-in-the-middle-east-the-iraqi-kurdish-question/
Beijing Pledges USD100m to Jordan, Syria, Yemen, Palestine. //Alghad. 2018-07-10 https://alghad.com/beijing-pledges-usd100m-to-jordan-syria-yemen-palestine/
Lars Erslev Andersen, & Yang Jiang. Is China Challenging the US in the Persian Gulf? DIIS Report: 29 // Danish Institute for International Studies, 2014.
China Pushes Four-points Israeli-Palestinian Peace Plan. // Times of Israel. 2017.
https://www.timesofisrael.com/china-pushes-four-point-israeli-palestinian-peace-plan; China Puts forward Four-point Proposal Regarding Palestine-Israel conflict // Xinhua. 2021/05-17
بهزمانى كوردى
سهيد حاميدى حوسينى، سهيد ئهمير نياكويى/ ههڵسهنگاندنى نهرمه هێزى چين له رۆژههڵاتى ناوهڕاستى عهرهبى ، وهرگێرانى: ئهرخهوان سهيفور ئهسكهندهر، گۆڤارى ئايندهناسى، ژماره(20) ساڵى پێنجهم، نيسانى 2023.
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