Ensuring the Protection of Women’s Rights in Armed Conflicts

Roza Omer Hamadamin; Muheadin Hassan Yousif

doi:10.25212/lfu.qzj.9.2.50

Authors

Roza Omer Hamadamin Department of Law, School of Law and International Relations, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan region, Iraq
Muheadin Hassan Yousif Department of Law, School of Law and International Relations, Lebanese French University, Erbil, Kurdistan region, Iraq.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.9.2.50

Keywords:

Armed conflicts, legal protection, Women rights, International humanitarian law

Abstract

Throughout history, women have often been subjected to various forms of victimization during armed conflicts, being among the most marginalized segments of society. Regardless of age, race, ethnicity, or nationality, women have consistently suffered in both international and non-international armed conflicts (IAC and NIAC). In response to these realities, humanitarian laws have been established to safeguard civilians generally, with specific provisions aimed at protecting women during armed conflicts (ACs). Despite the existence of international regulations and measures, there remains a lack of robust assurances for the protection of women in such contexts. This study aims to illuminate the issue of women's protection during ACs by examining pertinent international standards within the framework of international law

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abas, N. Q. (2017). Introducing some traumas and PTSD among Yazidi Female survivors from ISIS army. Journal of Garmian University, 4(Genocide Conference), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.24271/garmian.89

Aboki, Y. (2009). Introduction to Legal Research Methodology. Zaria, Tamaza Publishing, 1–69.

Aleshkina, M. (2016). Sexual violence in Armed Conflict under International Law. University of Oslo, 1–59.

Altunjan, T. (2021). The International Criminal Court and Sexual Violence: Between Aspirations and Reality. German Law Journal, 22(5), 878–893. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.45

Ambos, K. (2012). Sexual Offences in International Criminal Law with a Special Focus on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Understanding and Proving International Sex Crimes, 143–173.

Anwarul Yaqin. (2007). Legal Research and Writing. Malaysia: International Islamic University Dolphin Press, 1–10.

Arsanjani, M. H. (1999). The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. American Journal of International Law, 93(1), 22–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/2997954

B T, N. (1993). Geneva Convention. Military Medicine, 158(4), A6.

Bassiouni, M. C. (1976). Repression of breaches of the Geneva Conventions under the Draft Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949. Rutgers-Cam LJ, 8(185).

Bennoune, K. (2007). Do We Need International Law to Protect Women in Armed Conflict? Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, 38(2), 363–391.

Bonab, N. A. (2009). The Crime of Sexual Violence in the Statute of the International Criminal Court. Islamic Law Magazine, 13(192).

Buchowska, N. (2016). Violated or protected. Women’s rights in armed conflicts after the Second World War. International Comparative Jurisprudence, 2(2), 72–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icj.2016.12.002

Bunga, G. A. (2017). The Protection Of Women In Armed Conflict. Yustisia Jurnal Hukum, 6(2), 251. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v6i2.12422

Charlesworth, H., & Chinkin, C. (2015). An Alien’s Review of Women and Armed Conflict. Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet), 73, 1–20.

Cullen, A. (2010). The Concept of Non-International Armed Conflict in International Humanitarian Law. In Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511712111

de Koningh, I. (2023). Consolidating International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law: Protection from Gender-Based Violence Against Women in Non-International Armed Conflict. Netherlands International Law Review, 70(1), 87–120.

Fnish, N. M. N. (2013). Protecting Women Under the International Humanitarian Law: A Study of the Social, Cultural, and Political Conditions in Iraq and Palestine That Have an Adverse Affect on Women. 1–237.

Gardam, J. (1997). Women and the Law of Armed Conflict: Why the Silence? The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 46(1), 55–80.

Gardam, J. (1998). Women, human rights and international humanitarian law. International Review of the Red Cross, 38(324), 421–432. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020860400091221

Gekker, E. (2014). Rape, Sexual Slavery, and Forced Marriage at the International Criminal Court: How Katanga Utilises a Ten-Year-Old Rule but Overlooks New Jurisprudence. Hastings Women’s Law Journal, 25(Winter), 105–134.

Geneva Conventions. (1949a). Geneva Convention III relative to the treatment of prisoners of war of 12 august 1949. August.

Geneva Conventions. (1949b). Geneva Convention Iv Relative to The Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War of 12 August 1949. August, 163–228.

Godoy, M. (2016). Sexual violence in armed conflict under International Law: The interplay between International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights Law and International Criminal Law. University of Pretoria, 1–152.

Hague Convention (IV). (1977). Respecting the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its Annex: Regulations Concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land. 18 October 1907. Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts.

Hamadamin, R. O., Abdullah, N. A., & Md Nor, M. Z. (2022). The applied state of violation of women's rights in armed conflicts: Yazidi women during the ISIS war in Iraq. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, 8(3), 272-294.

International Committee of the Red Cross. (1977). Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. 1–126.

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). (1993). Rape as a Crime under International Humanitarian Law. American Journal of International Law, 87, 427.

International Criminal Court. (2011). Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. In International Criminal Court. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975035.013

Ivanciu, C. (2016). The protection of women during armed conflicts. Scientific Research and Education in the Air Force Afases, 18(2), 575–582. https://doi.org/10.19062/2247-3173.2016.18.2.12

Jabrawi, A., & Khalil, A. (2008). Armed Conflicts and Security of Women. Birzeit University, 1–56.

Judith, G., & Charlesworth, H. (2000). Protection of Women in Armed Conflict. Human Rights Quarterly, 22, 148–166.

Jansson, M., & Eduards, M. (2016). The politics of gender in the UN Security Council resolutions on women, peace and security. International feminist journal of politics, 18(4), 590-604.

Jurasz, O. (2016). Gender and the aftermath of war: the response of international law to the impact of armed conflict on women. Department of Law and Criminology, Aberystwyth University, 5–364.

Khak, R. (2009). Criminalizing of Sexual Violence in International Criminal Law. International Law Review, 25(39), 101–146.

Laing, D. (2003). Geneva Convention, Relative to The Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War. In Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World (Issue August).

Mouthaan, S. (2011). The Prosecution of Gender-based Crimes at the ICC: Challenges and Opportunities. International Criminal Law Review, 11(4), 775–802. https://doi.org/10.1163/157181211X587184

Muhammadamin, R. F., & Bryar, S. B. (2020). The International Protection of Women in Armed Conflicts: Analytical Study. Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 4, 69–78. https://doi.org/10.24086/cuejhss.vol4n1y2020.pp69-78

Nebesar, D. A. (1998). Gender-Based Violence as a Weapon of War. UC Davis Journal of International Law and Policy, 4, 148–179.

Nwotite, A. (2023). Protection of Women Against Sexual Violence During Armed Conflicts : International Humanitarian Law Perspective. On Justice, Equity & Dignity, 219–228.

O’Rourke, C. (2020). Women’s Rights in Armed Conflict under International Law. Cambridge University Press, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108667715

Odio B, E. (2004). Los Derechos Humanos De Las Mujeres, La Justicia Penal Internacional Y Una Perspectiva De Género. In Ponencia Presentada En La Novena Conferencia Regional Sobre La Mujer de América Latina y El Caribe, 10.

Omer, S. (2018). Yazidi Women as Odalisques: Yazidi Women’s Living Conditions under the Rulings from Islamic States. Publications of the Kurdistan Academics and Kurdistan Institution for Strategic Studies., 2–309.

Peacebuilders(2020), Global Network of Women. Seeking Accountability and Preventing Reoccurrence : Addressing Conflict-Related Sexual Slavery Through the Women , Peace , and Security Agenda,

Priddy, A. (2013a). Sexual violence against men and boys in armed conflict. The War Report: Armed Conflict in 271, April, 295–324.

Parry, J., & Aymerich, O. (2019). Navigating peace and security: Women and social capital in Iraq. International Migration, 57(2), 96-108.

Priddy, A. (2013b). Sexual violence in armed con fl ict in 2012. S. Casey-Maslen (Ed.), The War Report 2012, Oxford University Press, 2013(April), 295–324.

Ryan, G. (2018). Introduction to positivism, interpretivism and critical theory. Nurse Researcher, 25(4), 14–20. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr.2018.e1466

Sácouto, S., & Cleary, K. (2009). The importance of effective investigation of sexual violence and gender-based crimes at the International Criminal Court. American University Journal of Gender, 17(2), 337–359.

Swaine, A. (2018). Balancing Priorities: Lessons and Good Practices from Iraq, Jordan and Palestine for NAP-1325 Drafting Teams. New York: UN Women.

Taylor, S. J., Robert, B., & DeVault, M. (2015). Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.

UNISDR. (2009). Human Security in Theory and Practice, Application of the Human Security Concept and the United Nations Trust Fund for Human Security. Un, 7–8.

Vinay Aggarwal, A. (2018). Women and International Humanitarian Law. NIU International Journal of Human Rights, 5, 29–40.

Zhianpour, I., Arashpour, A., & Shekarchizadeh, M. (2015). Humanitarian Protection of Women in Armed Conflicts. Mediterranean Journal of Social ciences, 6(3), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n3s2p40