Life-Style Reflections On The Architecture Of The Single-Family House In Erbil City Based On The Income

Article History: Received: 23/4/2020 Accepted: 19/5/2020 Published: Spring2020 The study aims to determine an existing pattern of living (lifestyle) in Erbil city and its reflection on architecture and dwelling unit components. A case study methodology has been approached, and 30 residential buildings have been selected to be analyzed in Erbil as the limit of the study. The buildings have been divided into three categories (Low, Mid, and High) based on the income of the families in the region of study. The observation and questionnaire methods have been conducted to reach the results. The observation factors were developed and have been applied to determine lifestyle patterns in Erbil city. A questionnaire has been developed to identify lifestyle patterns by asking people about their daily life patterns and how it was reflected in the architecture

The study aims to determine an existing pattern of living (lifestyle) in Erbil city and its reflection on architecture and dwelling unit components. A case study methodology has been approached, and 30 residential buildings have been selected to be analyzed in Erbil as the limit of the study. The buildings have been divided into three categories (Low, Mid, and High) based on the income of the families in the region of study. The observation and questionnaire methods have been conducted to reach the results. The observation factors were developed and have been applied to determine lifestyle patterns in Erbil city. A questionnaire has been developed to identify lifestyle patterns by asking people about their daily life patterns and how it was reflected in the architecture

INTRODUCTION
The lifestyle is different based on the culture, region, country, etc. Therefore, a building or a space with special importance can represent artifacts in the built environment for a group of people based on their social relationships to be part of their lifestyle. Lifestyle can be directly manifested in the built environment through the form and layout of the dwelling unit to reflect economic and social value (Tognoli, 1987;Rapoport, 1969). Economic and cultural and social-political dimensions form undeniably the built environment. This indicates that the building, social and cultural principles have a wide and dynamic connection (Richardson, 1989). To understand the connection between people and the built environment, the relationship between human behavior and his culture in addition to physical environments needs to understand (Lang 1987). In other words, understanding the norms associated with the lifestyle. The study will focus on the relation with built environment by focusing

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1125 on interior architecture. Interior architecture is the combination of the art and science of the interior design and takes all elements of the structure into account (Coles and House, 2007). In terms of practice and philosophy, Interior architecture is a field that plays a significant role in the renovation and reconstruction of existing buildings and it is significantly affected by the lifestyle of the occupants.
The paper is part of bigger study (master thesis) in interior architecture. The paper aims to evaluate the lifestyle factors for interior design in residential buildings in Erbil, to direct interior architects and designers on suitable design in the interior design as per the income of the family in Iraqi Kurdistan. The objectives of the study will be as follow; 1) Identifying the characteristic of the interior architecture inside residential buildings in Erbil-Kurdistan of Iraq based on the people lifestyle; 2) Evaluation of the performance of lifestyle in interior spaces of dwelling units in Erbil; 3) Finding the relationships in the lifestyle among different income families inside the dwelling units in Erbil. The study area is in the Kurdistan region, which is a federated state situated within the Federal Republic of Iraq under the Iraqi Constitution, Article 62. It is situated in Iraq's north-east and Erbil is its capital. The study area was chosen because of the specific characteristics that make it distinctive, which consequently affects people's lifestyles. Kurdistan region is located among three big empires or cultures, namely; Arabic, Turkish, and Persian. By its position among Turkey, Iran, and the rest of Arabic Iraq, the Kurdistan Region of Iraq is holding a particular type through interrelation with all these cultural bodies (Meho, 1997). See figure '1'. Figure 1. Northern Iraq (Kurdistan region of Iraq). Source: https://inmutualweirdness.com/practical-travel-info/practical-travel-information/kurdistantravel-info/maps-of-kurdistan/

The Concept of Lifestyle
The word (Lifestyle) is generally mentioned in media and environmental and wellness researches. It seems like it is just life or way of life that is taken for granted. In Sociological view, Lifestyle means a person, a group, or a culture's interests, views, behavior, and acts (Kahle and Close, 2011). The issue with the lifestyle concept is that it is not specified at all or specified in several ways. Many (social) scholars use the lifestyle concept in order to explain how you live or want to lead your life (Pulkkinen & Kokko in 2000), which is related to a lifestyle. Some

Factors Influencing Lifestyle
The literature was surveyed to formulate initial factors for assessing lifestyle.
Several studies have been done on lifestyle and have identified factors for their assessment. The study would concentrate on the types of the researches related to the area of the research such as urbanism and architecture. Lufkin et al., (2018) noted that in the future community the life quality depends largely on its design and programming so that the various populations can consider the required elements for developing lifestyles of their own. These components are based on six key dimensions which are; physical, psychological, social, spiritual, traditional, and technological. In more details and based on other researches by (Sidawi, 2008;Lufkin et al., 2018), they defined lifestyle as per the local traditions and the main principles which can be summarized as follows: -Physical aspects: the necessity to have a convenient room in terms of configuration, scale, area, dimension, shape, etc.
-Psychological aspects: the need for space that offers comfort by using color, separation, type of connection with other indoor areas and connection to outdoor areas, etc. Spaces must give users a sense of privacy and safety.

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-Social aspects: the people required the space to communicate with their family, relations, hosts, neighbors, and friends.
-Spiritual aspects: the necessity for a space to work out spiritually, praise, and lovemaking. also, a different way of describing lifestyle as to how a person is living and working and influencing other aspects, such as culture, community, and technology to provide a better life for human beings (Huang, 2011).

LITERATURE REVIEW
The literature review has conducted several previous studies about the relationship between interior architecture and lifestyle to formulate the main outline of this study. Al-Homoud et al., (2010), have studied the effect of the change in lifestyle on the living buildings of the Bedouin in Northeastern Badia of Jordan, through applying six levels which are; density, tranquility, conviviality, elitism, social anchoring, and family friendliness. This study tried to investigate the lifestyle effects on the socio-spatial scale. The study specified a link between lifestyle changing and socio-spatial scale. Results also suggested that the

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1132 associated with privacy is positively connected with factors of lifestyle, like social role, adherence to the local society, family size, the role of the male in the family, which positively affected territorial control. In another study, the effect of interior architecture on occupants' feelings in terms of comfort in a residential space has been studied. The participation of '32' occupants in a survey using virtual reality ambiances which contain different collections of interior design elements. The study has taken the affordance and satisfaction as a measure of the occupants feeling of comfort. The study demonstrated that the realized affordance of elements in interior design was affected positively by priming and concrete conducts in the inner space. In the same context, surfaces, materials, and colors have participated very weakly to clear feelings about the space by occupants (Lee et al., 2017). Rashdan (2016), is tried to explore the relation between smart design and sustainable lifestyle through interior design. This study has reviewed the theoretical notion behind smart design and sustainability, investigating the benefits of interior design solutions with smart technologies on a sustainable lifestyle. The study showed that involving smart technologies into interior design has a positive impact on sustainable lifestyle aspects in terms of environmental, economic, and socio-cultural levels.
A study approached by Mahmoud (2014), inspect the factors that are predicted to be more effective positively in the relation between interior architectural design and the behavior of residents and buildings' users. The study found that the successful interior design for implementing the well-being depends on several dominant factors; privacy, identity, accessibility, safety, functionality, flexibility,

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1133 interaction with the society, and provide a suitable inner space. Finally, the interior design judged by the design achievement based on the values, preferences, needs, and contentment of the occupants. A study about the welfare and well-being of occupants and its relationship with interior architecture through two main factors, namely; spatial size, and spatial form. The results of the study have shown the important association between spatial size (e.g. distance, depth, and height) and overall amenity level. It is also found that the spatial form (the ratio of width to depth, the ratio of height to the area, and the spatial volume) will affect the overall welfare considerably. The study concluded that spatial size and spatial shape have a significant influence on the amenity and welfare of the occupants (Lee and Wohn, 2016). Different levels of relationship between interior architecture and human behavior or lifestyle have been studied each of which demonstrated several indicators or factors for evaluation as seen in table '2'. 1134 family friendliness role of the male in the family, which positively affected territorial control.

Comfort & efficiency dimension
Affordance and satisfaction The study has showed that the realized affordance of elements in interior design was affected positively by priming and concrete conducts in the inner space, while, surfaces, materials, and colors have participated very weakly to clear feelings about the space by occupants. (Lee et al., 2017) Sustainability & technology dimension The investigation of the benefits of interior design solutions with smart technologies The study found, the involving of smart technologies into interior design has a positive impact on sustainable lifestyle aspects in terms of environmental, economic, and socio-cultural levels. (Rashdan, 2016) Psychological dimension Privacy, identity, accessibility, safety, functionality, flexibility, interaction with the society, and The interior architectural design should be judged by the design achievement based on the values, preferences, needs, and contentment of the occupants, in addition to giving valuable weight for (Mahmoud, 2014) Vol Welfare and wellbeing dimensions the spatial size (width, depth, and height) the spatial shape (the width-to-depth ratio, the heightto-area ratio, and room shape) The study concluded that spatial size and spatial shape have significant influence on Amenity of occupant (Lee and Wohn, 2016)

The significance of the study
The research focuses on the connection between lifestyle and the income of the families in Erbil city in Kurdistan of Iraq. This research's importance stems from its cultural context that was not extensively studied in the region of study. This study is significant to help the professionals to influence the clients in their building design solution.

The Problem of the study
The lack of awareness about the relationship between lifestyle and family income 1136 regarding the effectiveness of the income on interior architecture and the lifestyle in the region of study. Thus, when architects and interior designers get a comprehensive understanding of the income of the client they will delineate or perceive their lifestyle. This may let them be more aware of the optimum design process to achieve the families' requirements in Erbil.

The Questions of the Study
The paper tries to answer the following main questions; How can we evaluate lifestyle in interior architecture in Erbil-Kurdistan of Iraq? And this is through the following sub-questions 1) What are lifestyle characteristics of dwelling units' components based on the group income in Erbil-Kurdistan of Iraq? 2) What are the similarities and differences among lifestyle inside the residential buildings in Erbil-Kurdistan Region of Iraq based on the families' income?

METHODOLOGY
To tackle the research questions and objectives, the study approached the qualitative and quantitative research methods. The following procedure has been applied to reach the research aims and objectives. These include; 1) Review of the literature that relevant carried out by other researchers to gain a suggestion for improvement, in addition to searching key relevant books, journals, and credible net sources related to the field; 2) Field observation has been approached as part of the quantitative method; 3) Questionnaire has been developed as part of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Consequently, an

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1137 analysis of the previous elements have applied based on positive and negative correlation based on the cause and effect that been conducted. Therefore, a case study methodology is used for the implementation of this goal.
Thirty houses have been selected in different sectors of Erbil, divided into three categories (Low-income, Mid-income, and High-income) based on the income of each family. According to the collected data from governmental authorities in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, Case studies have been selected based on High, mid, and low-income householders. Nearly 36% of households in Kurdistan region of Iraq have a monthly income of less than 500,000 Iraqi Dinars (IQD) per month, which are considered low-income householders; over 51% an average monthly income of 500,000 -1,000,000 IQD per month, and they considers as mid-income; and 13% of households earn over 1,000,000 IQD per month, and they are represented as high income, (IOM, 2018). See table '3'.  Therefore, based on this concept, the lifestyle factors that can be evaluated had been extracted from the literature as seen in table '4'. However, the measurable indicators with respect to the study limits will be employed in the evaluating lifestyle in the study area, as will be seen in the next section.

Study Area
Erbil is an ancient city dated back to 6000 BC (Khalid, 2014) and located in the Kurdistan region of Iraq (Khalid, 2014). Newly, Erbil, as well as the Kurdistan region, has seen significant developments made to the extending of urbanization and growing in the housing sector (Amin and Muhy Al-din, 2018). The city has an area of 130 (square kilometer). Erbil urban region has inhabitants of 1,026,000, making

The selection of Case study buildings
Despite the difficulties to deal with the families and interfere in their private life and enter their houses, because of the conservative nature of the society in Erbil, and in Kurdistan of Iraq, the researcher has been able to select thirty houses as case study buildings in the current study. Ten houses from each income level have been selected from different places like (Qalan Chokhan, Ankawa, Wazeran, Andaziaran, Zanko, etc.) in Erbil city to be observed and analyzed. Figures '3' show examples from each classified groups of houses for (Low, Mid, and High) incomes.
Spatial configuration of the case studies has been analyzed through coding important spaces in the houses. The significant spaces was, kitchen (coded by '1'),

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1142 Family Lounge (Coded by '2'), Bedrooms (coded by '3'), and guest rooms (Coded by '4'). In this context, ten houses of each category have been selected to be analyzed. The measurable factors for the evaluation lifestyle in Erbil, with the respect to the limits of the current study, have been identified, which are in comfort and safety dimension, and in the social dimension, as seen in table '5'.

FINDINGS & DISCUSSION
As mentioned previously, the measurement tools were observations and  Table '6'.  Another evaluation factor for the lifestyle was the social interrelation, and this has been evaluated based on interior spaces (Links among internal spaces). This part has been achieved based on spatial configuration analysis through coding The social relationship with neighbors has been tested as another factor to evaluate lifestyle. The relationship of people with their neighbors has been questioned directly to occupants based on the questionnaire form. See figure '6'. The results demonstrated that 50% of the people have good relationship with their neighbors, and another 50% have regular relationship with them.

CONCLUSION
The study determined many dimensions to identify lifestyle characteristics. These factors have been tested in three categories of houses in Erbil (Low, mid, and high-income houses). Selected categories of houses were made to find repetitive or similar factors in each category and compare it with other categories to reach the lifestyle characteristic in Erbil. The study concluded that there is a strong correlation among the family member in Erbil. This was approved through, the shaping of the houses in such a shape making the family lounge as the most important part of the home. There are good relations among the families in Erbil.
This was approved through the questionnaire to test the relation of the families with their neighbors. Furthermore, the study found that the majority of the houses having quest rooms. Despite the less usage for guest rooms, compared with family 1149 lounge rooms or private rooms, but the people spending at least the number of hours in the guest rooms per week. This indicates that there is a strong social relationship among families. The study found that in Erbil, as much as the income of the people increases, the habit to have bigger houses and more number of private rooms will increase. The people in Erbil are not very concentrated on the dining rooms in the houses, because not all the houses have these rooms. The reason is that people get used to taking their meals either in the kitchen or in the family lounge as an alternative. Hence, people with more income could have this type of room in their houses. The study concluded that the family lounge rooms are the most important part of their houses because they spend more time as a family in this part of the house. The study comes out with a result that the lifestyle is significantly affected by the income of the families. This was obvious through the change in the lifestyle of each group of selected families in Erbil based on their income.